(2015) Activity level and aggregation behavior in the crustacean gammarid Gammarus insensibilis parasitized by the manipulative trematode Microphallus papillorobustus. Īndersen SB et al (2009) The life of a dead ant: the expression of an adaptive extended phenotype. These new observations suggest that, apart from the striking host manipulation that brings the parasite from land to water, the presence of dormant hairworms is associated with changes in the development of their aquatic hosts, either through direct or indirect mechanisms, which may accelerate their transition from water to land.Īlarcon ME, Jara-F A, Briones RC, Dubey AK, Slamovits CH (2017) Gregarine infection accelerates larval development of the cat flea Ctenocephalides felis (Bouché).
By observing the development of last-instar Olinga jeanae (Trichoptera: Conoesucidae) caddisfly larvae naturally infected with Gordius-type hairworm cysts under controlled conditions, we found that higher numbers of cysts per infected caddisfly correlated with a decrease in time to pupation. Here, we ask whether hairworm cyst infections impact, either directly or indirectly, the life history of their aquatic transport hosts. However, little focus has been directed towards the interactions between hairworms and their aquatic insect hosts and the return of dormant hairworms from water to land.
A well-known example of host manipulation comes from hairworms (phylum Nematomorpha), which somehow cause their terrestrial insect definitive hosts to enter water, a phenomenon that has received lots of attention in recent years. Host manipulation by parasites can shape host behaviour, community structure, and the flow of energy through food webs.
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